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County in Florida

Pasco County, Florida

Pasco County is a county in Florida with 611,444 residents, No. 11 of 67 by population. In Pasco County, the FHA loan limit for a one-unit home is $541,287, and a typical home is worth $300,900. To rent a 2-bedroom apartment at Fair Market Rent ($1,917 a month) without going over 30% of your income, you need to earn about $36.87 an hour.

Four numbers to start with

  • Typical home price

    $300,900

    −16% vs. Florida −10% vs. U.S.

    Half of owner-occupied homes are worth more and half are worth less.

    • Pasco
    • Florida
    • United States

    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Average 2020–2024

  • Fair market rent, 2 bedrooms

    $1,917 a month

    −2% vs. Florida +10% vs. U.S.

    HUD's reference rent for a two-bedroom apartment, with basic utilities.

    • Pasco
    • Florida
    • United States

    Source: HUD, Fiscal year 2027

  • FHA limit 2026, 1 unit

    $541,287

    FHA national floor limit

    The most you can borrow with an FHA loan for a one-unit home here.

    • Pasco
    • Floor
    • Ceiling

    Source: HUD, 2026 data

  • Property tax

    0.73% of value per year

    −4% vs. Florida −22% vs. U.S.

    $2,206 a year for the typical owner

    • Pasco
    • Florida
    • United States

    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Average 2020–2024

Market now, with Zillow data

Zillow data
Typical home value
$328,125
1.9% less than 12 months ago
Typical home value from Zillow, September 2021 to September 2026: from $288,443 to $328,125.
Typical rent
$1,985 a month
about the same as 12 months ago
Typical rent from Zillow, September 2021 to September 2026: from $1,705 to $1,985.

From Zillow (ZHVI/ZORI), September 2026. The Census figures above are 5-year averages (2020–2024).

Data from October 2026

In short

What is housing like in Pasco County today?

With an FHA loan and the minimum down payment, a typical home would cost about $2,443 a month: 42% of the typical household income here. For that payment to be 28% of income, a household would need to earn about $104,700 a year; the typical income here is $70,492. The typical home value is 16% less than in Florida overall. 76% of households own their home, more than in Florida (68%). The typical property tax is $2,206 a year (about 0.73% of home value), lower than in Florida.

55% of renter households spend 30% or more of their income on housing, less than in Florida (60%).

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (Average 2020–2024).

Only here

What sets Pasco County apart

  1. 16% of homes in Pasco County (35,604) are in FEMA's high-risk flood zone, and only 47% of those carry NFIP flood insurance.

  2. Among the neighboring counties, Citrus County has the lowest typical rent ($1,107), 26% below the $1,505 in Pasco County.

  3. Nearby, in Citrus County, the typical home value is $245,500: 18% less than in Pasco County ($300,900).

  4. From 2020 to 2025, home prices in Pasco County rose 69% on FHFA's index, faster than in Florida (60%).

Sources: FEMA (As of August 3, 2026); U.S. Census Bureau (Average 2020–2024); FHFA (2025 data).

The homes here

Housing in Pasco County

What homes there are in Pasco County, what they cost, how that changed and how people live, from Census figures (2020–2024).

What homes there are

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

Kind of home
Kind of home: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco CountyFloridaUnited States
Detached house 64%55%61%
Attached house 6%7%6%
Building of 2 to 4 3%6%8%
Apartments (5 or more) 9%25%19%
Mobile home 17%8%6%
Boat, RV and other 0%0%0%

Detached houses, standing on their own, make up 64% of homes here, against 55% in Florida.

There are more mobile homes here than in Florida: 17% of homes, against 8%.

Year built
Year built: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco CountyFloridaUnited States
Before 1960 3%10%26%
1960–1979 25%24%24%
1980–1999 33%34%25%
2000–2009 21%18%14%
2010 or later 18%14%11%

The typical home in Pasco County was built in 1992, 4 years after the typical one in Florida.

In Pasco County, 53% of homes have 3 bedrooms or more, about the same as in Florida.

All homes, occupied or empty. A figure the Census cannot measure precisely enough here is not shown.

Census tables: B25024, B25034, B25035, B25041

What it costs here

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

Value of owner-occupied homes
Value of owner-occupied homes: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco County
Under $100K 15%
$100K–$200K 16%
$200K–$300K 19%
$300K–$500K 33%
$500K–$750K 11%
$750K–$1M 4%
$1M or more 2%

The FHA loan limit for this county is $541,287, and about 85% of owner-occupied homes in Pasco County are worth less than that.

Monthly rent with utilities
Monthly rent with utilities: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco County
Under $500 3%
$500–$999 14%
$1,000–$1,499 33%
$1,500–$1,999 26%
$2,000–$2,499 14%
$2,500–$2,999 6%
$3,000 or more 4%

By rent, most homes in Pasco County cost less than HUD's 2-bedroom fair market rent ($1,917): about 72%.

With a mortgage

$1,817 a month

Florida: $1,959 a month

Without a mortgage

$536 a month

Florida: $673 a month

Owners with a mortgage

57%

Florida: 56%

In Pasco County, 57% of owners have a mortgage, and their typical cost is $1,817 a month, against $1,959 in Florida. Without one it drops to $536.

Value: what owners think their home is worth. Rent: rent plus utilities, for homes of every size. The FHA limit is the most an FHA loan (Federal Housing Administration) lends for a one-unit home; the fair market rent (FMR) is the one HUD uses for housing vouchers.

Census tables: B25075, B25063, B25088, B25081

How it changed

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2015–2019 and 2020–2024

Change since 2015–2019
Change since 2015–2019: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco CountyFloridaUnited States
Typical home value +86%+67%+53%
Typical rent +42%+42%+33%
Typical household income +33%+34%+29%

Since 2015–2019, homes in Pasco County gained value faster than in Florida: 86% against 67%.

Much as in Florida, the typical rent in Pasco County rose 42% since 2015–2019.

Housing prices ran ahead of income in Pasco County: typical income rose 33%, against +86% for home values and +42% for rent.

Change between two 5-year periods that do not overlap, in each period's dollars, not adjusted for inflation.

Census tables: B25077, B25064, B19013

How people live

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

How people live: Pasco County and its comparisons
MeasurePasco CountyFloridaUnited States
Rental vacancy 5.1%7.6%5.5%
Homeowner vacancy 1.3%1.4%0.9%
More than one person per room 2.0%3.3%3.4%
People per household 2.562.512.53
Drive alone 68%70%69%
Carpool 9%9%9%
Public transit 0%1%3%
Walk or bike 1%2%3%
Work from home 20%16%15%
Other means 2%2%2%
Typical commute Unreliable estimate20 to 29 minutes20 to 29 minutes

There is little rental housing open in Pasco County: only 5.1% is empty and offered for rent, against 7.6% in Florida.

More than one person per room: that is how 2.0% of households in Pasco County live, less than in Florida (3.3%).

A household in Pasco County has 2.56 people on average, about the same as in Florida (2.51).

Many people here do not commute at all: 20% work from home; in Florida, 16%.

Vacancy: empty homes offered for rent or for sale. Rooms: every room in the home, not only bedrooms. Commute: the minute range of the typical worker.

Census tables: B25004, B25003, B25014, B25010, B08301, B08303

Do the math

What would you pay each month in Pasco County?

A typical home costs more than the typical income allows

We start with a typical home of $300,900, an FHA loan with 3.5% down and the latest average rate (7.18%). That payment would take 42% of the typical household income here, which is $70,492 a year. For that payment to be 28% of income, a household would need to earn about $104,700 a year.

Your numbers

Local data
$

Starts at the typical home value in Pasco County. Change it to the price you have in mind.

Loan type
Your credit score

Your score changes which loans apply and FHA's minimum down payment. Your real rate also depends on your credit.

Down payment
%

That is $10,532 (3.5% of the price). The usual minimum for this loan is 3.5%.

This week's average ± a quarter or half point.

Term

National average as of November 5, 2026 (Freddie Mac); your rate may be different.

Adjust advanced details

Estimated monthly payment

Local data

$2,443

at 7.18% · 30 years

Loan amount
$295,449
Total interest
$425,082
Paid off in
November 2056

Includes $5,081 FHA upfront mortgage insurance premium.

Does it fit the income?

  • Comfortable

    up to $1,645 a month

  • Tight

    $1,645 to $2,115 a month

  • Hard

    more than $2,115 a month

    Your payment · 42%

Compared with the typical household income in Pasco County ($70,492 a year). Reference: HUD calls paying more than 30% of income for housing a cost burden.

Show the result as
per month$2,443
Monthly payment breakdown
Principal & interest$2,001
Property tax$183
Home insurance$125
FHA mortgage insurance (MIP)$133

You need at least $10,532 for the down payment, plus closing costs.

This is an estimate to give you an idea, not a loan offer. Your real payment depends on your rate, your credit, and the insurance and taxes on the home you buy.

Total monthly payment $2,443; principal and interest $2,001.

Buying a home

Buying a home in Pasco County

Here you'll see how prices have changed, how Pasco County compares with Florida and the country, and what you'd pay each month with four kinds of loans.

How have home prices changed?

According to the FHFA House Price Index, home prices in Pasco County rose 167% in the 10 years through 2025. FHFA's index follows the price of the same homes over the years.

Change in the FHFA House Price Index from 2015 to 2025: Pasco County: +167%; Florida: +127%; United States: +85%.
Cumulative change in the FHFA House Price Index since 2015, each year through 2025
YearPasco CountyFloridaUnited States
2015 0.0%0.0%0.0%
2016 +11.0%+9.3%+5.3%
2017 +23.3%+18.4%+11.0%
2018 +37.8%+28.0%+17.3%
2019 +49.0%+35.0%+22.2%
2020 +57.8%+41.8%+25.9%
2021 +91.9%+64.0%+40.5%
2022 +147.1%+103.2%+62.2%
2023 +170.6%+120.4%+71.5%
2024 +173.9%+128.0%+79.9%
2025 +166.9%+126.8%+85.0%
Home price change in Pasco County, in its state and in the U.S., according to FHFA
Period Here Florida United States
In 2025 −2.6% −0.5% +2.9%
5 years (2020–2025) +69% +60% +47%
10 years (2015–2025) +167% +127% +85%
See each year's change
Annual change in the FHFA House Price Index in Pasco County, 2016 to 2025.
  1. 2020: +5.9%
  2. 2021: +21.6%
  3. 2022: +28.8%
  4. 2023: +9.5%
  5. 2024: +1.2%
  6. 2025: −2.6%

The index follows the prices of the same homes over time (sales and appraisals on loans bought or guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). It is not the average price of a home. FHFA considers its annual county indexes experimental. Source: FHFA, 2025 data

Pasco County compared with Florida and the United States

Home value, rent and household income, side by side. "Typical" is the median: half are above it and half below.

Typical home value
  • Pasco $300,900
  • Florida $359,000
  • United States $332,700
Typical rent a month
  • Pasco $1,505
  • Florida $1,669
  • United States $1,413
Typical household income a year
  • Pasco $70,492
  • Florida $74,568
  • United States $80,734
See the full table
Pasco compared with Florida and the United States
MeasureHereFloridaU.S.
Residents611,44422,416,077334,922,499
Typical home value$300,900$359,000$332,700
Typical household income$70,492$74,568$80,734
Typical rent$1,505$1,669$1,413
Fair Market Rent (2 bedrooms)$1,917$1,962$1,750
Hourly wage to rent a 2-bedroom$36.87$37.73$33.65
Typical property tax$2,206$2,730$3,119
Effective tax rate0.73%0.76%0.94%
Households that own their home76%68%65%
Renters spending 30% or more on rent55%60%51%
FHA limit (1 unit)*$541,287$541,287$541,287

FHA limit: Florida shows the median of its counties; the United States, the national floor. Download CSV

Four ways to pay for a typical home in Pasco County

For a typical $300,900 home at Freddie Mac's average rate (7.18% as of November 5, 2026) over 30 years. The monthly payment adds principal and interest, the county's property tax, an example homeowners insurance and mortgage insurance when it applies.

Down payment, loan and monthly payment of four loan types for a typical home in Pasco County
Loan Monthly payment Down payment Loan amount Rate Mortgage insurance Cash to close Minimum score
FHA, 3.5% down $2,443 $10,532 $295,450 7.18% FHA MIP · $133 $19,559 580
Conventional, 5% down $2,388 $15,045 $285,855 7.18% PMI · $143 $24,072 620*
Conventional, 20% down, no PMI $1,939 $60,180 $240,720 7.18% None $69,207 620*
ITIN, 15% down (example) $2,217 $45,135 $255,765 8.18% None $54,162 Set by the lender
  • Cash to close = down payment plus 3% of the price in closing costs (example).
  • Minimum score: FHA requires 580 or higher for the minimum down payment (HUD Handbook 4000.1). * Fannie Mae requires 620 when a loan is underwritten by hand; its automated system has no fixed minimum.
  • The ITIN row is an example with a rate 1 percentage point higher: ITIN loans follow no federal rule and each lender sets its own down payment and rate. Nothing in this table promises an approval.

Everything about buying in Pasco County: income, limits and help How much house can I afford? Closing costs

Loan limits

FHA loans in Pasco County use the national floor limit: it isn't a high-cost area. If the loan you need is above these amounts, it doesn't fit FHA or it becomes a "jumbo" loan.

VA loans. If you have full VA entitlement, VA doesn't cap the loan amount. If you've used part of your entitlement, the calculation uses the county limit ($832,750 for one unit). VA loan limits (va.gov)

USDA loans. They're for homes in eligible rural areas and households with incomes within USDA's limit. Check whether the address and your income qualify on the official site. USDA eligibility (usda.gov)

FHA and conforming loan limits in Pasco County, by number of units
Home type FHA limit Conforming limit
1 unit $541,287 $832,750
2 units $693,050 $1,066,250
3 units $837,700 $1,288,800
4 units $1,041,125 $1,601,750

Source: HUD, 2026 data · Source: FHFA, 2026 data

Taxes and risks

Property tax and flooding in Pasco County

Two costs that change a lot from place to place and that a house payment does include: property tax and, in risk zones, flood insurance.

Property tax

In Pasco County, the typical owner pays $2,206 a year: about 0.73% of the home's value. That is close to the rest of Florida and less than the national average.

  • Pasco 0.73%
  • Florida 0.76%
  • United States 0.94%

What Florida publishes Homestead exemption (Florida Department of Revenue)

Exemptions and deadlines in Florida

Is there a flood risk?

According to FEMA, in Pasco County 16% of homes (35,604) are in a high-risk flood zone. Of those homes, 47% have NFIP flood insurance.

  • A high-risk zone (Special Flood Hazard Area) has a 1% or greater chance of flooding each year. (44 CFR 59.1)
  • If the home is in that zone and the loan comes from a regulated lender, federal law requires flood insurance for the life of the loan, in communities that take part in the NFIP. (42 U.S.C. 4012a)
  • Most homeowners insurance does not cover flood damage. (FEMA, FloodSmart)

Source: FEMA, As of August 3, 2026

Look up your address on FEMA’s map

Owning a home here

Owning a home in Pasco County

The natural hazards FEMA measures in Pasco County, a maintenance plan for your climate and what the trades earn in your area.

Risks to your home

FEMA, National Risk Index 1.20.0 (December 2025)

In Pasco County, FEMA rates the natural hazard risk as relatively high.

FEMA builds that rating from three parts: expected loss, social vulnerability and community resilience.

In Pasco County, FEMA expects natural hazards to cause $199 million in losses a year, counting buildings, people and crops.

The hazard that would do the most damage to homes and buildings here is inland flooding: about $75.7 million a year.

Loss FEMA expects each year to homes and buildings, by hazard
  1. Inland floodingFEMA risk rating: Relatively high $75.7 million a year
  2. HurricaneFEMA risk rating: Very high $71.8 million a year
  3. TornadoFEMA risk rating: Relatively high $7.9 million a year
  4. Coastal floodingFEMA risk rating: Relatively high $5.2 million a year
  5. WildfireFEMA risk rating: Relatively moderate $3.3 million a year

What it means for your home

The ratings are FEMA's own. FEMA says its data is meant for planning and does not replace a local study. Drought is not shown: FEMA counts its loss in crops only.

National Risk Index, version 1.20.0 (December 2025), retrieved November 6, 2026

FEMA notice: This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Risk Index dataset API or downloadable datasets but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

Climate and upkeep

Department of Energy (PNNL), 2021 IECC zones

Pasco County is climate zone 2A in the home energy code (IECC): hot and humid.

The zone's number says how hot or cold it gets; the letter says how humid: A is moist, B is dry and C is marine.

  • Spring

    • Book the air conditioner's check-up before the heat: ENERGY STAR advises checking the cooling system in the spring, because contractors get busy once summer comes. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
    • Clean and repair the roof gutters. Source: EPA
  • Summer

    • Keep indoor humidity below 60 % (ideally between 30 % and 50 %). A humidity meter is inexpensive and sold at hardware stores. Source: EPA
    • Keep the air conditioner's drip pan clean and its drain line flowing: a plugged drain can cause water damage in the house. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
  • Fall

    • Book the heating check-up in the fall. If it runs on gas or oil, the technician should check the connections: faulty ones are a fire hazard. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
    • Check that the ground slopes away from the house, so water does not collect around the foundation. Source: EPA
  • Winter

    • Look for drafts at windows and doors: close the window on a piece of paper; if it moves back and forth easily, it needs thicker weather stripping. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
    • Seal the air ducts that run through the attic, crawlspace, basement or garage with duct mastic or foil tape, then wrap them in insulation. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)

All year

  • Check the air filter every month, especially in heavy-use months. If it looks dirty, change it; change it at least every 3 months. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
  • Test the smoke alarms every month and replace their batteries at least once a year. Source: USFA (FEMA)

Each task comes from the official page beside it. The spring air-conditioning and fall heating check-ups are the timing ENERGY STAR advises; the rest is a suggested order.

Climate zones by county, 2021 IECC

What the trades charge here

BLS, wages for May 2025

Hourly wage for each trade in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL area, according to BLS (May 2025)
TradeTypical hourly wage8 in 10 earn between
Electricians$27.62$18.73 and $36.87
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters$25.00$20.00 and $32.13
Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics$24.30$19.05 and $36.20
Roofers$22.68$16.00 and $30.57
Carpenters$25.06$17.88 and $33.63
Painters, construction and maintenance$22.87$17.72 and $28.30
Maintenance and repair workers, general$22.12$16.00 and $31.90

An electrician earns about $27.62 an hour in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL area, and a plumber, about $25.00.

These are workers' hourly wages, not the price of a job.

Renting

Renting in Pasco County

The typical rent in Pasco County is $1,505 a month. HUD also publishes a “fair market rent” by unit size: it's the one programs like Section 8 use.

55% of renter households in Pasco County spend 30% or more of their income on housing. 27% spend half or more.

Fair market rent by size

To pay the fair market rent without spending more than 30% of income, working full time (40 hours a week).

Fair market rent by size
Size Fair rent a month Hourly wage Income needed per year
Studio $1,597 $30.71 $63,880
1 bedroom $1,648 $31.69 $65,920
2 bedrooms $1,917 $36.87 $76,680
3 bedrooms $2,448 $47.08 $97,920
4 bedrooms $2,977 $57.25 $119,080

Includes basic utilities. It isn't the lowest or highest rent: it's a reference point. Source: HUD, Fiscal year 2027

Free help in Pasco County

Programs and counseling in Pasco County

We didn't find HUD-approved agencies with an office in this county. These are the 6 nearest; many serve by phone or online.

Official programs for the down payment and loans for buyers. Check which ones you might qualify for with your income and your county.

A father and mother walk their son by the hand down the sidewalk.

HUD counseling is free or low-cost

Florida down payment programs

  1. Florida Assist (FL Assist)

    Florida Housing second loan with no interest and no monthly payments, repaid when you sell or refinance

    First-time buyers only. Run by Florida Housing Finance Corporation.

    Deferred Verified November 5, 2026

  2. Florida Homeownership Loan Program (FL HLP) Second Mortgage

    Florida Housing second loan for the down payment, with monthly payments over 30 years

    First-time buyers only. Run by Florida Housing Finance Corporation.

    Repayable Verified November 5, 2026

  3. HFA Preferred and HFA Advantage PLUS Second Mortgage

    Florida Housing forgivable second loan, only with its conventional mortgages

    First-time buyers only. Run by Florida Housing Finance Corporation.

    Forgivable Verified November 5, 2026

Which programs do I qualify for? See all Florida programs

Help in Spanish in Pasco County

4 of the 6 agencies on this list say they serve in Spanish.

Ask for service in Spanish

When you call, say “Spanish, please” or ask if someone speaks Spanish. If not, ask whether they offer an interpreter.

Public housing agencies

They run public housing and Section 8 vouchers (Housing Choice Vouchers) in this county.

  • Pasco County Housing Authority Public housing and Section 8 vouchers (352) 567-0848

Free legal help

If you have a problem with your landlord, an eviction notice or a scam, the Legal Services Corporation (LSC) search shows the free legal aid offices that serve your area.

Find legal aid (lsc.gov)

Housing counseling nearby

These are the nearest agencies, with the distance in miles. Many help by phone or online. Official HUD list. Confirm hours and fees with the agency before you go.

  • Operation Hope- Tampa

    2208 E Fowler Ave, Tampa · 18 miles away · Spanish

    • Mortgage delinquency and default
    • Budget and financial counseling
    • and 3 more
  • Housing and Education Alliance

    9215 N Florida Ave Ste 104, Tampa · 19 miles away · Spanish

    • Mortgage delinquency and default
    • Fair housing pre-purchase workshops
    • and 3 more
  • NSC (naca Counseling Subsidiary) - Tampa, FL

    3824 W. Sligh Avenue, Tampa · 20 miles away · Spanish

    Also serves in Portuguese.

    • Mortgage delinquency and default
    • Budget and financial counseling
    • and 5 more
See every agency in Florida

Places

Cities in Pasco County

Each city has its own page with prices, rents and help. These are the largest.

See all 20 cities of Pasco County

Nearby counties

Each row compares its typical value, typical rent and FHA limit with Pasco County.

Read next

Guides that help here

We picked them by this county's numbers: what weighs most here is what's worth understanding first.

Frequently asked questions

What is the FHA loan limit in Pasco County in 2026?

Pasco County has an FHA limit of $541,287 for a one-unit home. For 2 units it's $693,050, for 3 it's $837,700 and for 4 it's $1,041,125. It's the national floor limit.

What is the conforming loan limit in Pasco County?

Pasco County has a conforming limit of $832,750 for one-unit conventional loans in 2026. A bigger loan is a “jumbo” loan.

How much does a typical home cost in Pasco County?

The typical home value in Pasco County is $300,900 (Average 2020–2024, U.S. Census). Across Florida it's $359,000.

How much does it cost to rent in Pasco County?

Pasco County has a typical rent of $1,505 a month (Average 2020–2024, U.S. Census). HUD's fair market rent for a 2-bedroom apartment is $1,917 (Fiscal year 2027).

How much do you need to earn to rent a 2-bedroom apartment in Pasco County?

About $36.87 an hour working full time (2,080 hours a year), or $76,680 a year, so the fair market rent of $1,917 stays under 30% of income.

Sources: American Community Survey (Average 2020–2024); FHA mortgage limits (2026 data); Conforming loan limits (2026 data); Fair Market Rents (Fiscal year 2027); Income Limits (Fiscal year 2026); HUD-approved housing counseling agencies (Retrieved November 6, 2026); Public Housing Agencies (Retrieved November 6, 2026); Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey (As of November 5, 2026); FHFA House Price Index (2025 data); Homes with flood insurance (As of August 3, 2026); National Risk Index (2025 data); IECC climate zones by county (2021 data); Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2025 data); Census Bureau cartographic boundary files (2024 data).