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Independent city in Virginia

City of Hopewell , Virginia

The City of Hopewell is an independent city in Virginia with 22,959 residents, No. 74 of 133 by population. In the City of Hopewell, the FHA loan limit for a one-unit home is $707,250, and a typical home is worth $181,600. To rent a 2-bedroom apartment at Fair Market Rent ($1,651 a month) without going over 30% of your income, you need to earn about $31.75 an hour.

Four numbers to start with

  • Typical home price

    $181,600

    −53% vs. Virginia −45% vs. U.S.

    Half of owner-occupied homes are worth more and half are worth less.

    • Hopewell
    • Virginia
    • United States

    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Average 2020–2024

  • Fair market rent, 2 bedrooms

    $1,651 a month

    −8% vs. Virginia −6% vs. U.S.

    HUD's reference rent for a two-bedroom apartment, with basic utilities.

    • Hopewell
    • Virginia
    • United States

    Source: HUD, Fiscal year 2027

  • FHA limit 2026, 1 unit

    $707,250

    FHA high-cost area

    The most you can borrow with an FHA loan for a one-unit home here.

    • Hopewell
    • Floor
    • Ceiling

    Source: HUD, 2026 data

  • Property tax

    0.86% of value per year

    +18% vs. Virginia −9% vs. U.S.

    $1,564 a year for the typical owner

    • Hopewell
    • Virginia
    • United States

    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Average 2020–2024

Market now, with Zillow data

Zillow data
Typical home value
$215,859
2.2% more than 12 months ago
Typical home value from Zillow, September 2021 to September 2026: from $159,051 to $215,859.
Typical rent
$1,197 a month
4.4% more than 12 months ago
Typical rent from Zillow, December 2023 to September 2026: from $1,030 to $1,197.

From Zillow (ZHVI/ZORI), September 2026. The Census figures above are 5-year averages (2020–2024).

Data from October 2026

In short

What is housing like in the City of Hopewell today?

With an FHA loan and the minimum down payment, a typical home would cost about $1,494 a month: 33% of the typical household income here. For that payment to be 28% of income, a household would need to earn about $64,032 a year; the typical income here is $54,729. The typical home value is 53% less than in Virginia overall. 58% of households own their home, fewer than in Virginia (67%). The typical property tax is $1,564 a year (about 0.86% of home value), lower than in Virginia.

53% of renter households spend 30% or more of their income on housing.

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (Average 2020–2024).

Only here

What sets the City of Hopewell apart

  1. The City of Hopewell has the lowest typical home value in its area: $181,600, less than any of its 6 neighboring places; next is the City of Petersburg ($189,000).

  2. From 2020 to 2025, home prices in the City of Hopewell rose 65% on FHFA's index, faster than in Virginia (49%).

  3. 12% of households in the City of Hopewell have no internet at home, against 7% in Virginia.

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (Average 2020–2024); FHFA (2025 data).

The homes here

Housing in the City of Hopewell

What homes there are in the City of Hopewell, what they cost, how that changed and how people live, from Census figures (2020–2024).

What homes there are

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

Kind of home
Kind of home: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of HopewellVirginiaUnited States
Detached house 68%61%61%
Attached house 6%11%6%
Building of 2 to 4 9%5%8%
Apartments (5 or more) 14%19%19%
Mobile home Unreliable estimate4%6%
Boat, RV and other Unreliable estimate0%0%

The detached house rules in the City of Hopewell: 68% of homes, more than in Virginia (61%).

Year built
Year built: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of HopewellVirginiaUnited States
Before 1960 34%19%26%
1960–1979 35%24%24%
1980–1999 17%30%25%
2000–2009 8%15%14%
2010 or later 7%12%11%

In the City of Hopewell, half of the homes were built before 1972; in Virginia, before 1984.

All homes, occupied or empty. A figure the Census cannot measure precisely enough here is not shown.

Census tables: B25024, B25034, B25035, B25041

What it costs here

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

Value of owner-occupied homes
Value of owner-occupied homes: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of Hopewell
Under $100K 23%
$100K–$200K 34%
$200K–$300K 31%
$300K–$500K 10%
$500K–$750K Unreliable estimate
$750K–$1M Unreliable estimate
$1M or more Unreliable estimate

The FHA limit for this city is high ($707,250): at least 99% of owner-occupied homes in the City of Hopewell are worth less than $500,000.

Monthly rent with utilities
Monthly rent with utilities: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of Hopewell
Under $500 Unreliable estimate
$500–$999 31%
$1,000–$1,499 45%
$1,500–$1,999 14%
$2,000–$2,499 Unreliable estimate
$2,500–$2,999 Unreliable estimate
$3,000 or more Unreliable

With a mortgage

$1,227 a month

Virginia: $2,127 a month

Without a mortgage

$464 a month

Virginia: $589 a month

Owners with a mortgage

65%

Virginia: 67%

Owning costs less in the City of Hopewell: with a mortgage, the typical cost is $1,227 a month; in Virginia, $2,127. Without one, $464.

Value: what owners think their home is worth. Rent: rent plus utilities, for homes of every size. The FHA limit is the most an FHA loan (Federal Housing Administration) lends for a one-unit home; the fair market rent (FMR) is the one HUD uses for housing vouchers.

Census tables: B25075, B25063, B25088, B25081

How it changed

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2015–2019 and 2020–2024

Change since 2015–2019
Change since 2015–2019: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of HopewellVirginiaUnited States
Typical home value +48%+41%+53%
Typical rent +25%+28%+33%
Typical household income +40%+26%+29%

Since 2015–2019, homes in the City of Hopewell gained value faster than in Virginia: 48% against 41%.

Since 2015–2019, the typical rent in the City of Hopewell rose 25%, less than in Virginia (28%).

While home values in the City of Hopewell changed +48% and rent +25%, the typical household income rose 40%.

Change between two 5-year periods that do not overlap, in each period's dollars, not adjusted for inflation.

Census tables: B25077, B25064, B19013

How people live

U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-year, 2020–2024

How people live: City of Hopewell and its comparisons
MeasureCity of HopewellVirginiaUnited States
Rental vacancy Unreliable estimate4.8%5.5%
Homeowner vacancy Unreliable estimate0.8%0.9%
More than one person per room Unreliable estimate2.1%3.4%
People per household 2.462.522.53
Drive alone 79%68%69%
Carpool 8%8%9%
Public transit Unreliable estimate2%3%
Walk or bike Unreliable estimate2%3%
Work from home 12%18%15%
Other means Unreliable estimate1%2%
Typical commute 20 to 29 minutes20 to 29 minutes20 to 29 minutes

Much as in Virginia, a household in the City of Hopewell has 2.46 people on average.

The car rules in the City of Hopewell: 79% of workers drive to work alone, and the typical trip takes 20 to 29 minutes.

Vacancy: empty homes offered for rent or for sale. Rooms: every room in the home, not only bedrooms. Commute: the minute range of the typical worker.

Census tables: B25004, B25003, B25014, B25010, B08301, B08303

Do the math

What would you pay each month in the City of Hopewell?

A typical home is tight for the typical income

We start with a typical home of $181,600, an FHA loan with 3.5% down and the latest average rate (7.18%). That payment would take 33% of the typical household income here, which is $54,729 a year. For that payment to be 28% of income, a household would need to earn about $64,032 a year.

Your numbers

Local data
$

Starts at the typical home value in the City of Hopewell. Change it to the price you have in mind.

Loan type
Your credit score

Your score changes which loans apply and FHA's minimum down payment. Your real rate also depends on your credit.

Down payment
%

That is $6,356 (3.5% of the price). The usual minimum for this loan is 3.5%.

This week's average ± a quarter or half point.

Term

National average as of November 5, 2026 (Freddie Mac); your rate may be different.

Adjust advanced details

Estimated monthly payment

Local data

$1,494

at 7.18% · 30 years

Loan amount
$178,311
Total interest
$256,547
Paid off in
November 2056

Includes $3,067 FHA upfront mortgage insurance premium.

Does it fit the income?

  • Comfortable

    up to $1,277 a month

  • Tight

    $1,277 to $1,642 a month

    Your payment · 33%

  • Hard

    more than $1,642 a month

Compared with the typical household income in the City of Hopewell ($54,729 a year). Reference: HUD calls paying more than 30% of income for housing a cost burden.

Show the result as
per month$1,494
Monthly payment breakdown
Principal & interest$1,208
Property tax$130
Home insurance$76
FHA mortgage insurance (MIP)$80

You need at least $6,356 for the down payment, plus closing costs.

This is an estimate to give you an idea, not a loan offer. Your real payment depends on your rate, your credit, and the insurance and taxes on the home you buy.

Total monthly payment $1,494; principal and interest $1,208.

Buying a home

Buying a home in the City of Hopewell

Here you'll see how prices have changed, how the City of Hopewell compares with Virginia and the country, and what you'd pay each month with four kinds of loans.

How have home prices changed?

According to the FHFA House Price Index, home prices in the City of Hopewell rose 125% in the 10 years through 2025. FHFA's index follows the price of the same homes over the years.

Change in the FHFA House Price Index from 2015 to 2025: City of Hopewell: +125%; Virginia: +75%; United States: +85%.
Cumulative change in the FHFA House Price Index since 2015, each year through 2025
YearCity of HopewellVirginiaUnited States
2015 0.0%0.0%0.0%
2016 +4.9%+2.2%+5.3%
2017 +5.4%+5.5%+11.0%
2018 +15.8%+9.3%+17.3%
2019 +22.7%+13.6%+22.2%
2020 +36.4%+17.4%+25.9%
2021 +58.4%+28.7%+40.5%
2022 +81.9%+46.6%+62.2%
2023 +102.5%+58.0%+71.5%
2024 +120.2%+68.4%+79.9%
2025 +125.1%+74.6%+85.0%
Home price change in the City of Hopewell, in its state and in the U.S., according to FHFA
Period Here Virginia United States
In 2025 +2.2% +3.7% +2.9%
5 years (2020–2025) +65% +49% +47%
10 years (2015–2025) +125% +75% +85%
See each year's change
Annual change in the FHFA House Price Index in the City of Hopewell, 2016 to 2025.
  1. 2020: +11.1%
  2. 2021: +16.1%
  3. 2022: +14.8%
  4. 2023: +11.4%
  5. 2024: +8.7%
  6. 2025: +2.2%

The index follows the prices of the same homes over time (sales and appraisals on loans bought or guaranteed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). It is not the average price of a home. FHFA considers its annual county indexes experimental. Source: FHFA, 2025 data

City of Hopewell compared with Virginia and the United States

Home value, rent and household income, side by side. "Typical" is the median: half are above it and half below.

Typical home value
  • Hopewell $181,600
  • Virginia $383,700
  • United States $332,700
Typical rent a month
  • Hopewell $1,106
  • Virginia $1,579
  • United States $1,413
Typical household income a year
  • Hopewell $54,729
  • Virginia $93,170
  • United States $80,734
See the full table
Hopewell compared with Virginia and the United States
MeasureHereVirginiaU.S.
Residents22,9598,705,170334,922,499
Typical home value$181,600$383,700$332,700
Typical household income$54,729$93,170$80,734
Typical rent$1,106$1,579$1,413
Fair Market Rent (2 bedrooms)$1,651$1,792$1,750
Hourly wage to rent a 2-bedroom$31.75$34.46$33.65
Typical property tax$1,564$2,790$3,119
Effective tax rate0.86%0.73%0.94%
Households that own their home58%67%65%
Renters spending 30% or more on rent53%49%51%
FHA limit (1 unit)*$707,250$541,287$541,287

FHA limit: Virginia shows the median of its counties; the United States, the national floor. Download CSV

Four ways to pay for a typical home in the City of Hopewell

For a typical $181,600 home at Freddie Mac's average rate (7.18% as of November 5, 2026) over 30 years. The monthly payment adds principal and interest, the county's property tax, an example homeowners insurance and mortgage insurance when it applies.

Down payment, loan and monthly payment of four loan types for a typical home in the City of Hopewell
Loan Monthly payment Down payment Loan amount Rate Mortgage insurance Cash to close Minimum score
FHA, 3.5% down $1,494 $6,356 $178,311 7.18% FHA MIP · $80 $11,804 580
Conventional, 5% down $1,461 $9,080 $172,520 7.18% PMI · $86 $14,528 620*
Conventional, 20% down, no PMI $1,190 $36,320 $145,280 7.18% None $41,768 620*
ITIN, 15% down (example) $1,358 $27,240 $154,360 8.18% None $32,688 Set by the lender
  • Cash to close = down payment plus 3% of the price in closing costs (example).
  • Minimum score: FHA requires 580 or higher for the minimum down payment (HUD Handbook 4000.1). * Fannie Mae requires 620 when a loan is underwritten by hand; its automated system has no fixed minimum.
  • The ITIN row is an example with a rate 1 percentage point higher: ITIN loans follow no federal rule and each lender sets its own down payment and rate. Nothing in this table promises an approval.

How much house can I afford? Closing costs

Loan limits

This is a high-cost area, so FHA limits in the City of Hopewell are above the national floor. The limit is set for the whole metro area (Richmond, VA). If the loan you need is above these amounts, it doesn't fit FHA or it becomes a "jumbo" loan.

VA loans. If you have full VA entitlement, VA doesn't cap the loan amount. If you've used part of your entitlement, the calculation uses the county limit ($832,750 for one unit). VA loan limits (va.gov)

USDA loans. They're for homes in eligible rural areas and households with incomes within USDA's limit. Check whether the address and your income qualify on the official site. USDA eligibility (usda.gov)

FHA and conforming loan limits in the City of Hopewell, by number of units
Home type FHA limit Conforming limit
1 unit $707,250 $832,750
2 units $905,400 $1,066,250
3 units $1,094,450 $1,288,800
4 units $1,360,100 $1,601,750

Source: HUD, 2026 data · Source: FHFA, 2026 data

Taxes and risks

Property tax and flooding in the City of Hopewell

Two costs that change a lot from place to place and that a house payment does include: property tax and, in risk zones, flood insurance.

Property tax

In the City of Hopewell, the typical owner pays $1,564 a year: about 0.86% of the home's value. That is more than the rest of Virginia and less than the national average.

  • Hopewell 0.86%
  • Virginia 0.73%
  • United States 0.94%

What Virginia publishes Local exemption or deferral for people 65 and older or with disabilities (Virginia General Assembly (Code of Virginia))

Exemptions and deadlines in Virginia

Is there a flood risk?

FEMA’s maps count no homes in high-risk flood zones in the City of Hopewell. That does not mean there is no risk: some areas have no map. Check your address.

  • A high-risk zone (Special Flood Hazard Area) has a 1% or greater chance of flooding each year. (44 CFR 59.1)
  • If the home is in that zone and the loan comes from a regulated lender, federal law requires flood insurance for the life of the loan, in communities that take part in the NFIP. (42 U.S.C. 4012a)
  • Most homeowners insurance does not cover flood damage. (FEMA, FloodSmart)

Source: FEMA, As of August 3, 2026

Look up your address on FEMA’s map

Owning a home here

Owning a home in the City of Hopewell

The natural hazards FEMA measures in the City of Hopewell, a maintenance plan for your climate and what the trades earn in your area.

Risks to your home

FEMA, National Risk Index 1.20.0 (December 2025)

In the City of Hopewell, FEMA rates the natural hazard risk as very low.

To rate it, FEMA weighs the expected loss with social vulnerability and community resilience.

In the City of Hopewell, FEMA expects natural hazards to cause $4.4 million in losses a year, counting buildings, people and crops.

Of all the hazards, FEMA expects inland flooding to do the most damage to buildings: about $2.4 million a year.

Loss FEMA expects each year to homes and buildings, by hazard
  1. Inland floodingFEMA risk rating: Very low $2.4 million a year
  2. HurricaneFEMA risk rating: Relatively low $688,570 a year
  3. EarthquakeFEMA risk rating: Relatively low $284,959 a year
  4. TornadoFEMA risk rating: Relatively low $174,366 a year
  5. Coastal floodingFEMA risk rating: Relatively low $49,368 a year

What it means for your home

The ratings are FEMA's own. FEMA says its data is meant for planning and does not replace a local study. Drought is not shown: FEMA counts its loss in crops only.

National Risk Index, version 1.20.0 (December 2025), retrieved November 6, 2026

FEMA notice: This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's National Risk Index dataset API or downloadable datasets but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).

Climate and upkeep

Department of Energy (PNNL), 2021 IECC zones

The City of Hopewell is climate zone 4A in the home energy code (IECC): mixed and humid.

The zone's number says how hot or cold it gets; the letter says how humid: A is moist, B is dry and C is marine.

  • Spring

    • Book the air conditioner's check-up before the heat: ENERGY STAR advises checking the cooling system in the spring, because contractors get busy once summer comes. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
    • Clean and repair the roof gutters. Source: EPA
  • Summer

    • Keep indoor humidity below 60 % (ideally between 30 % and 50 %). A humidity meter is inexpensive and sold at hardware stores. Source: EPA
    • Keep the air conditioner's drip pan clean and its drain line flowing: a plugged drain can cause water damage in the house. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
  • Fall

    • Book the heating check-up in the fall. If it runs on gas or oil, the technician should check the connections: faulty ones are a fire hazard. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
    • Look for drafts at windows and doors: close the window on a piece of paper; if it moves back and forth easily, it needs thicker weather stripping. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
  • Winter

    • Get the house ready for the cold with insulation, caulking and weather stripping, and learn how to keep pipes from freezing. Source: Ready.gov (FEMA)
    • Seal the air ducts that run through the attic, crawlspace, basement or garage with duct mastic or foil tape, then wrap them in insulation. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)

All year

  • Check the air filter every month, especially in heavy-use months. If it looks dirty, change it; change it at least every 3 months. Source: ENERGY STAR (EPA)
  • Test the smoke alarms every month and replace their batteries at least once a year. Source: USFA (FEMA)

Each task comes from the official page beside it. The spring air-conditioning and fall heating check-ups are the timing ENERGY STAR advises; the rest is a suggested order.

Climate zones by county, 2021 IECC

What the trades charge here

BLS, wages for May 2025

Hourly wage for each trade in the Richmond, VA area, according to BLS (May 2025)
TradeTypical hourly wage8 in 10 earn between
Electricians$29.50$18.79 and $38.82
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters$29.56$21.36 and $37.26
Heating, air conditioning and refrigeration mechanics$28.43$18.40 and $37.80
Roofers$23.10$19.05 and $29.39
Carpenters$24.94$18.27 and $33.48
Painters, construction and maintenance$22.92$17.69 and $28.50
Maintenance and repair workers, general$23.43$16.72 and $36.89

In the Richmond, VA area, half of electricians earn more than $29.50 an hour and half earn less; for a plumber, the typical figure is $29.56.

These are workers' hourly wages, not the price of a job.

Renting

Renting in the City of Hopewell

The typical rent in the City of Hopewell is $1,106 a month. HUD also publishes a “fair market rent” by unit size: it's the one programs like Section 8 use.

53% of renter households in the City of Hopewell spend 30% or more of their income on housing. 28% spend half or more.

Fair market rent by size

To pay the fair market rent without spending more than 30% of income, working full time (40 hours a week).

Fair market rent by size
Size Fair rent a month Hourly wage Income needed per year
Studio $1,456 $28.00 $58,240
1 bedroom $1,517 $29.17 $60,680
2 bedrooms $1,651 $31.75 $66,040
3 bedrooms $2,039 $39.21 $81,560
4 bedrooms $2,499 $48.06 $99,960

Includes basic utilities. It isn't the lowest or highest rent: it's a reference point. Source: HUD, Fiscal year 2027

Free help in the City of Hopewell

Programs and counseling in the City of Hopewell

There is 1 HUD-approved housing counseling agency in the City of Hopewell. They can help you get ready to buy, with your credit, with rent, or if you've fallen behind on payments.

Official programs for the down payment and loans for buyers. Check which ones you might qualify for with your income and your county.

A family roasts marshmallows over a campfire at a forest campsite.

HUD counseling is free or low-cost

Virginia down payment programs

  1. Down Payment Assistance Grant

    Virginia state agency down payment grant that you do not repay; for first-time buyers, or any buyer in economic opportunity zones, with a Virginia Housing mortgage

    First-time buyers only. Run by Virginia Housing (Virginia Housing Development Authority).

    Grant Verified November 5, 2026

  2. Virginia Housing Plus Second Mortgage

    Virginia Housing 30-year fixed-rate second mortgage of up to 5% of the price for the down payment (and part of the closing costs with a credit score of 680 or higher); for first-time buyers and for people who have owned a home before

    No first-time requirement. Run by Virginia Housing (Virginia Housing Development Authority).

    Type not stated Verified November 5, 2026

  3. Closing Cost Assistance Grant

    Virginia Housing grant that you do not repay, of up to 2% of the price, for the closing costs of buyers with a Virginia Housing RD (Rural Development) or VA loan

    First-time buyers only. Run by Virginia Housing (Virginia Housing Development Authority).

    Grant Verified November 5, 2026

Which programs do I qualify for? See all Virginia programs

Help in Spanish in the City of Hopewell

1 of the 1 agencies on this list says it serves in Spanish.

Ask for service in Spanish

When you call, say “Spanish, please” or ask if someone speaks Spanish. If not, ask whether they offer an interpreter.

Public housing agencies

They run public housing and Section 8 vouchers (Housing Choice Vouchers) in this city.

  • Hopewell Redevelopment & Housing Authority Public housing and Section 8 vouchers (804) 458-5160

Free legal help

If you have a problem with your landlord, an eviction notice or a scam, the Legal Services Corporation (LSC) search shows the free legal aid offices that serve your area.

Find legal aid (lsc.gov)

Housing counseling nearby

These agencies have an office in the City of Hopewell. The full list is on the Virginia counselors page. Official HUD list. Confirm hours and fees with the agency before you go.

  • Commonwealth Catholic Charities

    510 W Poythress St, Hopewell · Spanish

    • Mortgage delinquency and default
    • Budget and credit workshops
    • and 5 more
See every agency in Virginia

Places

Cities in the City of Hopewell

This site has no city pages of the City of Hopewell. The neighboring counties are below.

Nearby places

Each row compares its typical value, typical rent and FHA limit with the City of Hopewell.

Read next

Guides that help here

We picked them by this county's numbers: what weighs most here is what's worth understanding first.

Frequently asked questions

What is the FHA loan limit in the City of Hopewell in 2026?

The City of Hopewell has an FHA limit of $707,250 for a one-unit home. For 2 units it's $905,400, for 3 it's $1,094,450 and for 4 it's $1,360,100. It's a high-cost area, so the limit is above the national floor.

What is the conforming loan limit in the City of Hopewell?

The City of Hopewell has a conforming limit of $832,750 for one-unit conventional loans in 2026. A bigger loan is a “jumbo” loan.

How much does a typical home cost in the City of Hopewell?

The typical home value in the City of Hopewell is $181,600 (Average 2020–2024, U.S. Census). Across Virginia it's $383,700.

How much does it cost to rent in the City of Hopewell?

The City of Hopewell has a typical rent of $1,106 a month (Average 2020–2024, U.S. Census). HUD's fair market rent for a 2-bedroom apartment is $1,651 (Fiscal year 2027).

How much do you need to earn to rent a 2-bedroom apartment in the City of Hopewell?

About $31.75 an hour working full time (2,080 hours a year), or $66,040 a year, so the fair market rent of $1,651 stays under 30% of income.

Sources: American Community Survey (Average 2020–2024); FHA mortgage limits (2026 data); Conforming loan limits (2026 data); Fair Market Rents (Fiscal year 2027); Income Limits (Fiscal year 2026); HUD-approved housing counseling agencies (Retrieved November 6, 2026); Public Housing Agencies (Retrieved November 6, 2026); Freddie Mac Primary Mortgage Market Survey (As of November 5, 2026); FHFA House Price Index (2025 data); Homes with flood insurance (As of August 3, 2026); National Risk Index (2025 data); IECC climate zones by county (2021 data); Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2025 data); Census Bureau cartographic boundary files (2024 data).